These types of taxa got a cousin relationship with new Cygnus varieties assemblage

Mitogenome phylogeny

The mitochondrial succession are a widely used unit ong dogs thirty-five . In the present investigation, to further clarify the phylogenetic interrelationships contained in this Anatidae, concatenated nucleotide sequences out of 13 PCGs and two rRNA genetics were extracted from 37 Anatidae aves, concerning the four Aythya kinds, one to Netta varieties, that Asarcornis varieties, one to Mareca variety, eight Anas kinds, around three Mergus kinds, you to definitely Lophodytes varieties, about three Bucephala varieties, you to definitely Cairina species, that Aix varieties, two Tadorna kinds, four Cygnus varieties, you to definitely Branta species, five Anser species, and one Dendrocygna types.

In the fresh Bayesian inference (BI) and you can restriction opportunities (ML) analyses, the newest phylogenetic woods got almost the same topologies (Fig. eight, Additional Figs. step one and you may 2). Each other woods regarding several analyses was basically supported by a statistical thinking. Overall, the fresh genera Aythya, Netta, Asarcornis, Anas, Mareca, Mergus, Lophodytes, Bucephala, Cairina, Tadorna, and you can Aix clustered in the subfamily Anatinae, while the subfamily Anserinae had a sibling relationship with Anatinae, in addition to Cygnus, Branta, and you may Anser. Dendrocygna javanica, whose vertical present, elongated neck and foot, and you may conspicuous perching-tree behavior distinguish it out-of almost every other Anseriformes species, diverged earlier regarding the chief origin and you may means a sister clade to help you Anatinae-Anserinae 36 . Our topology is extremely similar to the result of education depending to the research out-of concatenated mitochondrial nucleotide sequences away from ND2 and you will Cytb genes, plus that have morphological data thirty six,37,38 .

Molecular phylogenetic data out of 37 Anatidae types built by the MrBayes and you will IQ forest. Numbers next to the nodes portray posterior chances (left) and you can bootstrap values (right).

In this Anserinae, types of brand new genus Anser are associated with Branta canadensis closely. This is prior to earlier in the day morphology-established analyses 39 . The difficulty is more state-of-the-art into large subfamily Anatinae. Contained in this subfamily, i receive five uniform clades: Aythyini (Aythya + Netta + Asarcornis), Anatini (Anas + Mareca), Mergini (Mergus + Lophodytes + Bucephala), and you can Cairinini (Cairina + Aix + Tadorna). Cairinini try the fresh aunt group of any Anatinae people, that has been strongly backed by the outcomes of the establish research. From the Anatinae tribes, Anatini and you may Aythyini features better phylogenetic dating, and these answers are backed by morphological education and you can phylogenetic research predicated on a couple PCGs 37,38 . In the genus Aythya, A beneficial. americana and you can A good. ferina were clustered as well as well-supported thinking. Meanwhile, Good. fuligula together with clade (A great. americana + An excellent. ferina) shaped a high-supported really worth branch. The address species, A great. baeri, in addition to clade (Good. fuligula + (A great. americana + An effective. ferina)) have been clustered on the you to definitely department, suggesting the newest four types function an excellent monophyletic classification.

Findings

The current data offered new mitogenome off Good. baeri (sixteen,623 bp, accession count MT129533). This rounded mtDNA integrated 13 PCGs, one or two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and another CR. Through analysis, it actually was found that the fresh genome out of A great. baeri demonstrated trait succession formations and you may are slightly just like people from Aythya aves. One of several PCGs, ND3 had the extremely polymorphism and you will highest genetic point. The phylogenetic studies based on mutual mitochondrial gene set (13 PCGs and two rRNAs) out-of 37 Anatidae varieties having fun with BI and you can ML formulas indicated that A great. baeri is closely linked to An excellent. fuligula https://datingranking.net/flirtwith-review/, A beneficial. americana, and you may A great. ferina. In reality, i deduced why these varieties was indeed monophyletic. Additionally, every genera whereby multiple types was in fact learned were and additionally discovered to be monophyletic apart from Anas, since the one included Mareca. The present analysis brings an important reference for the preservation out-of the newest studied critically endangered variety including valuable suggestions to own then phylogenetic and you may evolutionary browse toward members of the family Anatidae.